Old Masters auctions
oil, cardboard; 30 x 64 cm; Signed and dated l. d.: Jerzy Kossak / 1933. State of preservation: visible light soiling of paint and minor chipping of paint.
oil/canvasDimensions: 95.5 x 146 cmsigned and dated l.d.: 'Jerzy Kossak | 1929'.on the reverse auction stickersOriginAgra-Art, December 2021 private collection, Poland Literaturecompare Kazimierz Olszański, Jerzy Kossak, Wrocław [et al], 1992, p. nlb, cat. no. 10 and cat. no. 128 (ill.) BiographyJerzy Kossak was educated from an early age in the studio of his grandfather, Juliusz, and father...
![MELA MUTER [Maria Melania Mutermilch] (1876-1967), Portrait of a young woman, 1930s.](https://img1.one.bid/img/8512/2545921_1w.webp)
![MELA MUTER [Maria Melania Mutermilch] (1876-1967), Portrait of a young woman, 1930s.](https://img1.one.bid/img/8512/2545921_2w.webp)
oil, canvas; 55 x 33 cm; Signed l. g.: Muter; On the back, author's inscription: MUTER / Tete de femme / No 10M (55 x 33); on the loom, repeated signature: Muter. "I love every model I make, even the ugliest, and if I can't love it, I can't paint it," she said. - Mela Muter said in an interview with the New Journal in the 1920s. (s. 239). This short sentence by the artist is the source for Mel...
oil, plywood; 32 x 23.5 cm; Signed p. d.: T Axentowicz; On the back a faintly legible stamp with a number, above it a number 4 (in pencil), next to it an illegible inscription in pen.
oil/canvasDimensions: 96 x 134 cmSigned and dated p.d.: 'Jerzy Kossak 1922'.OriginBukowskis auction house, Sweden, December 2021 Literaturecompare Kazimierz Olszański, Jerzy Kossak, Wroclaw [et al.] 1992, p. nlb., cat. no. 51 (ill.) BiographyJerzy Kossak was educated from an early age in the atelier of his grandfather, Juliusz, and father, Wojciech. In the early 1920s. Jerzy traveled with his...
oil, canvas; 49 x 68 cm; Signed l. d.: JGrubinski
watercolor/paperDimensions: 47 x 30 cm (clear passe-partout)Signed and dated at the bottom: 'Wojciech Kossak 1918'BiographyHe was the son and pupil of Juliusz Kossak, father of Jerzy, also a painter, as well as poet Maria Pawlikowska - Jasnorzewska and writer Magdalena Samozwaniec. He was educated at the Cracow School of Fine Arts, the Munich Academy and in Paris. In 1895-1902 he stayed mainly...
oil/paper pasted on canvasSize: 41 x 32.5 cmSigned and dated with a brushstick on the underside: 'Juliusz Kossak | 1857'.BiographyFrom around 1842 he studied at the Faculty of Law at the University of Lviv. At the same time he studied drawing with Jan Maszkowski. In 1850-52 he lived alternately in Lviv and Warsaw. In 1852 he went to Vienna, where he studied for a short time in the studio of Fe...
oil/canvasDimensions: 39 x 50.5 cmSigned and dated l.d.: 'Jerzy Kossak | 1932'.BiographyJerzy Kossak was educated from an early age in the studio of his grandfather, Juliusz, and his father, Wojciech. In the early 1920s. Jerzy traveled with his father to the manors of Greater Poland, where he portrayed the local landed gentry. Jerzy Kossak's paintings (like those of his grandfather and father)...
oil, canvas; 51 x 66 cm; Signed l. d.: W. Weiss; On the reverse, stamped with bound monogram: WW and no: 1220. The painting, depicting old pear and apple trees with whitened trunks, green turf and a white facade emerging from behind the trees, was painted in Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, where the artist owned his home. The place had been a favorite space for his plein air paintings since 1904, and t...
oil/boardDimensions: 30 x 40 cmsigned and dated p.d.: 'Jerzy Kossak | 1937'.on the reverse a faintly visible author's stamp with handwritten number: '1145'BiographyJerzy Kossak was educated from an early age in the studio of his grandfather, Juliusz, and father, Wojciech. In the early 1920s. Jerzy traveled with his father to the manors of Greater Poland, where he portrayed the local landed gen...
oil/canvasDimensions: 85 x 144 cmSigned and dated p.d.: 'Wojciech Kossak | 1925'.BiographyHe was the son and pupil of Juliusz Kossak, father of Jerzy, also a painter, as well as poet Maria Pawlikowska - Jasnorzewska and writer Magdalena Samozwaniec. He was educated at the Cracow School of Fine Arts, the Munich Academy and in Paris. In 1895-1902 he stayed mainly in Berlin, where he worked for K...
oil/canvasSize: 51 x 62 cm (according to the frame)Signed and dated p.d.: 'Wojciech Kossak | 1923'.Literaturecompare Kazimierz Olszański, Wojciech Kossak, Wrocław [et al] 1976, p. nlb., cat. no. 163 (ill.) BiographyHe was the son and pupil of Juliusz Kossak, father of Jerzy, also a painter, as well as the poet Maria Pawlikowska - Jasnorzewska and the writer Magdalena Samozwaniec. He was educ...
oil, cardboard; 71.5 x 60.5 cm; Signed p. d.: L. CHWISTEK; On the reverse: p. Humaniecka (in pencil, sic!); Literature: painting mentioned [in:] Karol Estreicher, Leon Chwistek. Biography of the Artist (1884 - 1944), Cracow 1971, p. 384. In the 1st half of the 20th century, modern tendencies in Polish art were born. One of them was Unism initiated by Kazimir Malevich and continued in Lodz by K...
watercolor/paperSize: 23 x 30.5 cm (in light of passe-partout)Signed and dated l.d.: 'Juliusz Kossak | 1890'.On the reverse an exhibition sticker from The Parrish Art Museum in Southampton, Long Island, United States.BiographyFrom around 1842 he studied at the Faculty of Law at the University of Lviv. At the same time he studied drawing with Jan Maszkowski. In 1850-52 he lived alternately in L...
oil/canvas pasted on cardboardDimensions: 34 x 60 cmsigned and dated l.d.: 'Jerzy Kossak | 1928'.on the reverse: a paper sticker of the M. Nowicki & R. Grünastel storehouse of paintings and painting materials from Poznań and a paper auction stickerOriginAgra-Art auction house, Warsaw, October 2017 private collection, Poland BiographyJerzy Kossak was educated from an early age in the stud...
oil/boardDimensions: 34 x 30 cmSigned and dated l.d.: 'Wojciech Kossak | 1942'.on the reverse a handwritten note: 'I attest to the authenticity | Wojciech Kossak'.OriginDorotheum auction house, Vienna, April 2024 BiographyHe was the son and pupil of Juliusz Kossak, father of Jerzy, also a painter, as well as the poet Maria Pawlikowska - Jasnorzewska and the writer Magdalena Samozwaniec. He was...
oil/boardDimensions: 50 x 40 cmsigned and dated l.d.: 'Wojciech Kossak | 1922 (?)'.on the reverse a wax seal with the Kos coat of armsBiographyHe was the son and pupil of Juliusz Kossak, father of Jerzy, also a painter, as well as poet Maria Pawlikowska - Jasnorzewska and writer Magdalena Samozwaniec. He was educated at the Cracow School of Fine Arts, the Munich Academy and in Paris. In 1895-1...
oil/plywoodSize: 41 x 30 cmSigned and dated l.d.: 'Wojciech Kossak | 1920'.numerical notes on the reverseBiographyHe was the son and pupil of Juliusz Kossak, father of Jerzy, also a painter, as well as poet Maria Pawlikowska - Jasnorzewska and writer Magdalena Samozwaniec. He was educated at the Cracow School of Fine Arts, the Munich Academy and in Paris. In 1895-1902 he stayed mainly in Berli...
oil, board; 24.5 x 32.5 cm; signed l. d.: P. MERWART On the reverse, red stamp of a Parisian painting materials warehouse, printed sticker from an exhibition at A. Guinchard & F. Fournirek/Emballeurs of Paris, item 10.
oil, board, 33.5 x 21.5 cm. Figures in prayer pose; pair of paintings which are probably wings of triptych, original format of paintings probably cropped; Preservation condition: after conservation, good.
oil/boardDimensions: 35 x 50 cm (in light of the frame)Signed and dated p.d.: 'Jerzy Kossak | 1938'.BiographyJerzy Kossak was educated from an early age in the studio of his grandfather, Juliusz, and his father, Wojciech. In the early 1920s. Jerzy traveled with his father to the manors of Greater Poland, where he portrayed the local landed gentry. Jerzy Kossak's paintings (like those of his gr...
watercolor/paperSize: 30 x 23 cm (according to the passe-partout)signed with bound monogram p.d.: 'JK'on the reverse a statement of authorship written in pen by the artist's daughter Zofia Romanska (1861-1946), née Kossak Romanska, dated November 10, 1942Provenanceprivate purchase in Desa Salon in Cracow private collection, Poland BiographyFrom about 1842 he studied at the Faculty of Law at L...
oil/canvasDimensions: 76 x 121 cmsigned p.d.: 'Mokwa'described on the loom: '100x70 "DAR POMORZA"' on the reverse a sticker with the description of the workOrigin:private collection, Poland Exhibited"Marian Mokwa's Turkish Vows," National Museum in Gdansk, 1.07- 31.08.2014. LiteratureTureckie śluby Mariana Mokwy, exhibition catalog, ed. Wojciech Zmorzyński, Öztürk Emiroğlu, National Museu...
oil/boardDimensions: 72.5 x 54 cmSigned and dated p.d.: 'Wojciech Kossak | 1941'.on the reverse a wax seal with the Kos coat of arms and a description in pen: 'I confirm the authenticity | Wojciech Kossak'.BiographyHe was the son and pupil of Juliusz Kossak, father of Jerzy, also a painter, as well as the poet Maria Pawlikowska - Jasnorzewska and the writer Magdalena Samozwaniec. He was educat...
pastel/paperDimensions: 63 x 50 cm (according to the passe-partout)signed, dated and inscribed l.g: 'Witkacy 1931 24/III | NP23 + pyfko (ost.) | (p.w.f.)'.Provenancecollection of Modesta Zwolinska, Zakopane private collection, Warsaw ExhibitedStanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz. Visual works, National Museum in Cracow, 1966. Paintings of Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, District House of Culture in Nowy...
-Winter Landscape (January) oil, canvas pasted on board; 84 x 134 cm; dated. bottom middle (on the ground under the red robe of Janus): 1583. -Summer Landscape (August) oil, canvas pasted on board; 84 x 134 cm; Exciting stories and fantastic discoveries, especially those revealing hitherto unknown facts and "building bridges," are not only themes of literature and film. Joining their ranks is ...
oil, duplicated canvas; 112 x 144 cm.
oil/plywoodSize: 33 x 50 cm (in light of the frame)Signed and dated l.d.: 'Jerzy Kossak | 19[illegible]'.BiographyJerzy Kossak was educated from an early age in the studio of his grandfather, Juliusz, and father, Wojciech. In the early 1920s. Jerzy traveled with his father to the manors of Greater Poland, where he portrayed the local landed gentry. Jerzy Kossak's paintings (like those of his g...
oil/boardDimensions: 50 x 70 cmsigned and dated l.d.: 'Jerzy Kossak | 1947'.on the reverse the author's stamp and handwritten confirmation of authenticity: 'I affirm the authenticity of this painting | Jerzy Kossak'.ProvenanceSopot Auction House, November 2021 private collection, Poland BiographyJerzy Kossak was educated from an early age in the studio of his grandfather, Juliusz, and father, ...
oil/canvas pasted on cardboardDimensions: 45 x 61 cmSigned p.d.: 'Jerzy Kossak'.Origin:Agra-Art, December 2016 private collection, Poland BiographyJerzy Kossak was educated from an early age in the studio of his grandfather, Juliusz, and father, Wojciech. In the early 1920s. Jerzy traveled with his father to the manors of Greater Poland, where he portrayed the local landed gentry. Jerzy Kossak...
oil/boardDimensions: 51 x 35.5 cmsigned p.d.: 'l. gottlieb'OriginsJózef Andrzej Teslar (1889-1961), Paris Wejman Gallery, Warsaw institutional collection, Poland DESA Unicum, December 2021 private collection, Poland ExhibitedLeopold Gottlieb, Wejman Gallery, Warsaw, 2018. Leopold Gottlieb, Galerie Zak, Paris, 1934 (probably). LiteratureLeopold Gottlieb, exhibition catalog, Wejman Gallery, War...
oil/plateDimensions: 46.7 x 56.5 cmSigned p.d.: 'Muter'Origin:legacy of the artist Galerie Gmurzynska, Cologne private collection, Europe BiographyShe was born into a Jewish merchant family in Warsaw as Maria Melania Klingsland. In 1899 she married writer and socialist activist Michal Mutermilch. From this union was born her only son, Andrew. Already at the end of the 19th century, she attende...
oil, plywood; 26 x 21 cm; Signed p. d.: Leop. Löffler; On the back, a paper sticker of the J. Mayr store of painting implements and works of art in Vienna with the numbers 10' and 36 (handwritten, in pen). PROVENANCE: - Im Kinsky Auction House, Vienna, April 2019; - Private collection, Vienna.
pastel/paperDimensions: 63 x 47 cmSigned, dated and inscribed l.d.: 'Witkacy (T. B. + E) VII | 1931 NP | Nπ'.LiteratureJoanna Siedlecka, Mahatma Witkac, Warsaw 1998, pp. 187-188 Paweł Iliński, The Past Doesn't Pass Without an Echo. Memories 1903-1990, pp. 146-148 M. Prus, Witkacy also visited me, Antiquarian Newspaper 1999, no. 7/8, pp. 10-12 BiographyHis father was the well-known critic, p...
oil/canvas pasted on cardboardDimensions: 46 x 97 cmSigned l.d.: 'A. Setkowicz'BiographyAdam Setkowicz studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Cracow in 1891-94. It is known that in 1933 he participated in an exhibition in Piotrkow Trybunalski. He painted mainly in watercolors, although he also did not shy away from oil techniques. The artist's favorite subjects were genre scenes from the life ...
Jan Rubczak (1884 Stanislawow - 1942 Auschwitz), Landscape from the South of France, 1915-1923
0 EUR
oil/canvasDimensions: 47 x 55 cmsigned p.d.: 'Rubczak'described on the reverse: 'M[...] | Jean Rubczak | 9 rue Campagne Premiere | Paris', export stamp with signatures below, auction paper stickers on the painter's loom and on the frame, plus a paper sticker of the framing studio on the frameOriginPolish Art Auction House, March 2003 private collection, Poland BiographyBegan his artistic educa...
oil/boardDimensions: 21 x 27 cmSigned p.d.: 'M. Oracki - Serwin'on the reverse a paper sticker of the framing studioBiographyReceived his artistic education at the Academy of Fine Arts in Cracow, where he graduated in 1937. He studied with Fryderyk Pautsch, among others. In 1938 he took part in the opening of the Salon in Warsaw's Zachęta Gallery, where he won a bronze medal for his painting ...
oil/mahogany boardDimensions: 29.5 x 53 cmSigned and dated on the right side of the painting composition: 'J Malczewski | 1900'OriginRempex, February 2011 (gallery purchase) private collection, Poland BiographyIn 1872-75 and 1877-79 he studied at the School of Fine Arts in Cracow, among others with Władysław Łuszczkiewicz and Jan Matejko, and in 1876-77 with Henri Ernest Lehman at the Schoo...
oil/canvasDimensions: 61 x 70.5 cmSigned p.d.: 'Ebiche'Origin:private collection, Italy BiographyStudied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Cracow under the direction of Jacek Malczewski and Wojciech Weiss. In 1922, he moved to Paris. During his stay in France he exhibited a lot, among other things: at the Paris salons Autumn and Independent. In 1939 he returned to Poland; he took the chair of dra...
oil/boardDimensions: 95.5 x 67.5 cmon the reverse a paper exhibition sticker of the Society of Friends of Fine Arts in Cracow, a stamp of Rosa Aleksandrowicz's Storehouse of Painting Accessories in Cracow and an illegible paper stickerExhibitedTowarzystwo Przyjaciół Sztuk Pięknych, Cracow, date unknown BiographyStudied at the Cracow Academy of Fine Arts in 1900-08 under Florian Cynk, Jozef ...
oil/canvasDimensions: 100 x 70 cmSigned, dated and inscribed l.d.: '"Man without a profession" | Adam Bunsch 1934'BiographyStudied in Vienna and at the Cracow Academy of Fine Arts under J. Mehoffer. In the interwar period he painted paintings dedicated to the memory of the tragedy of World War I. His work was dominated by religious themes. He also engaged in realistic portrait painting, someti...
watercolor/boardDimensions: 48 x 63 cmSigned p.d.: 'T.Cieślewski'.BiographyFather of Tadeusz Cieślewski - graphic artist and art critic. He studied painting at the Warsaw Drawing School under Wojciech Gerson and Kauzik. In 1895-96 he studied in Paris at the Academie Vitti and with Edmond Aman-Jean and Robert Collin. In 1898 he received a silver medal for a series of postcards on Warsaw. In 1...
gouache, watercolor/paperSize: 15 x 23 cm (in light of frame)Signed l.d.: 'A. Setkowicz'BiographyAdam Setkowicz studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Cracow in 1891-94. It is known that he participated in an exhibition in Piotrkow Trybunalski in 1933. He painted mainly in watercolors, although he did not shy away from oil techniques either. The artist's favorite subjects were genre scenes fro...
oil/canvas (duplicated)Dimensions: 77.5 x 53.5 cm
oil/boardDimensions: 49 x 68 cmSigned l.d.: 'a. Karpinski.'on the reverse a framing noteBiographyBetween 1891 and 1899 studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Cracow under F. Cynk, I. Jablonski, W. Luszczkiewicz and L. Wyczółkowski. He supplemented his artistic education at Ažbe's studio in Munich (1903) In 1904-1907 he continued his studies at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna under K. Poc...
oil/canvasDimensions: 74 x 100 cmsigned and dated p.d.: 'FWójcik 1956'.on the reverse numerous notes in pencil on the frame, artist's stamp on the upper bar of the loom and on the canvas: 'WÓJCIK FRANCISZEK | ZAKOPANE' and a paper sticker of the Association of Polish Artists in Cracow with a description of the paintingProvenancecollection of the artist's heirs, Poland
watercolor, paper 51 x 73 cmdramatic scene depicting a participant in the January Uprising on a gray horse, submitting to be shot
oil/canvasDimensions: 55 x 46 cmsigned l.d.: 'Mondzain'described on the reverse: 'Mondzain | 5 rue Campagne-Premiere | Paris XIVe | "Une Rue a Sollies-Ville"'.BiographyHe studied art in 1906-08 at the Warsaw School of Fine Arts under Kazimierz Stabrowski. He continued his studies in 1909-12 at the Academy of Fine Arts in Cracow in the studios of Teodor Axentowicz and Jozef Pankiewicz. He exhib...
oil/boardDimensions: 37.5 x 46 cmSigned and dated p.d.: 'ST. DYBOWSKI 1952'on the reverse a confirmation of authenticity: 'Painting painted by | St. Dybowski art. mal. | deceased 1956. | stated by Wł. Dybowska.'. and inventory number: 'N 18'BiographyHe began his studies in painting at the Warsaw Drawing School. In 1917-19 he stayed in Moscow, where he continued his studies, and later also stu...
oil/boardDimensions: 51 x 67 cmSigned and dated l.d.: 'Józefczyk | 923'.
oil/canvasDimensions: 86 x 141 cmSigned and dated l.d.: 'J. Guranowski | 1904.'on the reverse of the canvas number: '259'.BiographyPainter and theatrical decorator, he studied with decorator and painter Adam Malinowski, with whom he later collaborated in the Decoration Department of the Warsaw Government Theaters. In 1891-1908 he held the position of chief decorator of the WTR, and from 1909, ...
oil/canvasDimensions: 50 x 80 cmSigned and dated p.d.: 'K. Lasocki 1932'Origin:private collection, Warsaw BiographyBetween 1890 and 1895 he studied at the Warsaw Drawing Class under W. Gerson and J. Kauzik. He spent the years 1895-1898 in Munich, studying at the Academy of Fine Arts under C. Herterich, F. Stuck and A. Ažbe. In 1901-1904 he was an assistant to K. Krzyzanowski at his private sc...
oil/canvasDimensions: 36 x 50.5 cmsigned l.d.: St. Zurawski'on the loom a framing note: '91'BiographyStanislaw Żurawski graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts in Krakow, where he studied under Jozef Mehoffer and Wojciech Weiss between 1907 and 1913. He was a member and at the same time co-founder of the Artists' Guild "Jednoróg". The most common motif of his paintings, characterized by vivi...
oil/boardSize: 10.1 x 16 cm (in light of frame)Signed, dated and inscribed p.d.: '[faintly legible] | Tadeusz Rybkowski 1909 [?]'BiographyIn 1872-75 he studied at the School of Fine Arts in Cracow under W. Łuszczkiewicz, and then at the Vienna Academy under C. Wurzinger, L. Loeffler, as well as under H. Makart and at theatrical decoration companies. From 1878 he traveled in Italy and Germany....
oil/canvasDimensions: 54 x 65 cmsigned and dated with a brushstroke p.d.: '1923 | Terlikowski'described on frame: 'VILLENEUVE'OriginMillon auction house, Paris, April 2012 private collection, Poland BiographyThe artist's formation was influenced by numerous travels, including to England, Spain, France and Italy, but also to India, Australia, New Zealand and North Africa. He was educated in Mun...
oil/canvasDimensions: 46 x 55 cmInscribed on the painter's loom: 'painted by. Leon Szpądrowski. | in 1942.'
Czeslaw Rzepinski (1905 Strusow near Trembowla - 1995 Krakow), "A Gray Day in Bronowice," 1952
0 EUR
oil/canvas (duplicated)Dimensions: 60 x 81 cmsigned and dated p.d.: 'Rzepinski 52'.on the reverse a paper exhibition sticker from the Central Bureau of Artistic Exhibitions in Cracow and a paper inventory sticker from the Ministry of Culture and ArtExhibitedCentral Bureau of Artistic Exhibitions, Krakow, September 1952 BiographyStudied painting at the Academy of Fine Arts in Cracow under the d...
oil/boardDimensions: 38 x 48 cm (in light of the frame)signed, dated and inscribed l.d.: 'MarianKlaklik | Zakopane 1947'.signed on the reverse, two paper exhibition stickers with a description of the painting from the Central Bureau of Artistic Exhibitions, Cracow BranchExhibitedCentral Bureau of Artistic Exhibitions, Cracow Branch BiographyStudied at the Warsaw School of Fine Arts - from 1925...
lithograph/paper 28x22 cm, framed in a frame made of guipure and passe partout 39.5x46 cmscene from the Battle of Ulm, in which French troops defeated the Austrian army on October 16-19, 1805, The emperor talks to a severely wounded grenadier.
oil/canvasDimensions: 33 x 27.5 cmsigned and dated p.g.: 'GRUNSWEIG | 1929'on the reverse stickers of the framing companyOriginPolswiss Art, 2016 private collection, Poland BiographySettled in Paris probably before the outbreak of World War I. He participated in the Paris salons: the Autumn Salon (1921, 1924, 1926-27, 1936-37), des Tuileries (1923, 1927, 1936) and the Independent (1925). He pa...
oil/boardDimensions: 46 x 57.5 cmSigned and dated on the underside: 'St. Paciorek [illegible] | 1928 IV'.BiographyBetween 1908 and 1915, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Krakow with Jozef Mehoffer and Konstanty Laszczka, among others, and in 1918 also with Teodor Axentowicz. Before World War II, he worked as a theater decorator at Krakow's Bagatela Theater. He designed sets for operas...
oil/canvasDimensions: 70 x 101 cmSigned l.d.: 'St. Grabowski'.BiographyAfter first learning painting in Russia and Warsaw, the artist left in 1926 with his young wife Nadezhda Wanda Chodasiewicz-Grabowska (later Nadia Leger) for Paris to study in the studios of Fernand Leger and Amédée Ozenfant at the Academie Moderne. He remained in France until his untimely death. Grabowski's work develope...
oil/boardDimensions: 48 x 67 cmSigned and dated l.d.: 'W. Wodzinowski | 1927'on the reverse: stamp of Róża Aleksandrowicz's stockist of painting accessories in Cracow, ownership description on the paper back coverBiographyOne of the so-called "five peasants", an informal grouping formed by alumni of Jan Matejko and the Munich Academy of Fine Arts. Wodzinowski himself began his education at W...